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In September 2014, I had breach to address an commodity entitled Unity or Separation? – Did the Scots Decide Sensibly?1 In that year, the bigoted government of Scotland, the Scottish Civic Affair (SNP), and a ample allotment of the Scottish people, who capital to abdicate from the United Kingdom, captivated a election on the question. A majority voted No. The secessionists were disappointed, but the SNP is still administering Scotland.

This year, 2017, amid September and October, three referenda took abode that acquire a almost agnate character: two in Europe and one in the Middle East. And we apperceive that in Europe abandoned several added regions acquire their own independence/separatist movement.2  In this article, I would like to booty up the affair already more, in adjustment to busy on some basic points.

In a election that took abode on October 1, 2017, the Catalans declared their ambition to abdicate from Spain and accomplish out of their chargeless arena an absolute state. Separatist leaders affirmation that a acceptable 90 percent of the Catalans voted for secession. But that was the aftereffect of a election in which alone 42 percent of the acceptable voters voted (or could vote), because the Spanish axial government had declared it actionable and had approved to anticipate voting by agency of badge violence.

Also the Kurds of the autonomous Kurdistan Region of Iraq captivated a nonbinding ability election in September of this year. Additionally in this case,  more than 90 percent of the voters voted in favor of independence.

  These are the basal facts appropriate for an addition to this text. My readers, I assume, acquire been afterward the accepted contest as abundant as I. My purpose actuality is mainly to try to accord a tentative answer to the question why, in contempo times – in the era of globalization, in which the apple is said to acquire become a all-around apple – ample sections of abounding peoples active in assertive regions acquire been aggravating to abdicate from a beyond accompaniment or a abutment of states to which they belong(ed) till now? Some examples are the Basques and Catalans in Spain, the Baltic peoples in the bygone Soviet Union, Scots in the UK, the Corsicans in France, the English bodies (not all the peoples of the UK) in the European Union, the peoples of the bygone Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia  etc. I anticipate it is accessible to announce an acknowledgment and briefly discuss it and some evidences for it.

The Appropriate Of Peoples To Self-determination

There are some contradictions in animal nature. We are affable animals, we adulation to, but also must for the account of security, alive in bands and societies and states. But we additionally admire ability and abandon and abhorrence coercion to alive in causeless unions with added people. In affiliate 1, commodity 2 of the allotment of the United Nations it is accounting that its purpose is “to advance affable relations among nationsbased on respect for the principle of equal rights and self-determination of peoples, ….” . This assumption is what secessionists everywhere adjure in abutment of their appropriate to self-determination. But the agitation is, it is alone a acknowledgment of account for a principle. Although broadly acclimated in academic and breezy political speeches and writings, this appropriate mostly doesn’t acquire the cachet of a statute law, that is, it is not consistently a accounting law anesthetized by a aldermanic anatomy such as a accumulation or a basic assembly. Addition agitation is, there is no bright analogue of the acceding “nation” and “people”. It seems, the UN allotment is adage that a bodies is not a nation, but it can become one if it can, by appliance its appropriate to self-determination, actualize its own state. Afresh it can be accustomed by the UN as a nation.

  In the case of the European Union, it has been fabricated bright in its statute that it is accessible for a affiliate accompaniment to leave the Union, Brexit being a acceptable example. In the architecture of the bygone Soviet Union, there was a bright commodity that gave the basic republics the appropriate to abdicate (although the procedural capacity thereof were larboard undecided). It was this built-in accouterment that the Baltic republics invoked aback they capital to be absolute in the backward 1980s. In the case of the Scottish ability election (2014), a law was anesthetized in the British accumulation that accustomed the election to be held. If the majority of the voters had voted in the affirmative, Scotland would today be an absolute state. These cases of (attempted) alienation were undisputedly legal.

But does that beggarly that a people, boyhood or not, that happens to alive with added peoples in a accompaniment whose architecture does not especially accord the achievability of secession, can never become independent? That absolutely is the altercation of the Spanish and the Iraqi governments. They say it is actionable to strive for independence, accordingly it is illegal. It is a catchy question. Firstly, such a bodies can absolutely become independent, and that alike peacefully, if the added people(s) active in the anxious accompaniment accede to the idea. Thus the Czechs and the Slovaks afar by alternate acceding and two absolute states were fabricated out of the aloft Czechoslovakia (1993). Additionally the dissolution of the aloft Soviet Abutment took abode (1991) by alternate agreement, although in this case, the aloft mentioned estimated accouterment in the architecture of the USSR and, effectively, the will of the afresh leaders of the Russian Alliance to get rid of the burden, were actual helpful. In the adverse case, the armed armament of the USSR could acquire berserk suppressed such processes. (But later, Russia banned to let Chechnya become independent).

Here we see that two conflicting principles are actuality invoked by the opposing parties. For the Catalan and Kurd secessionists, it is the appropriate of abandon of peoples, which, they assume to say, is a axiological appropriate that stands aloft any constitution. But for the axial governments of Spain and Iraq, the architecture of a absolute accompaniment is sacrosanct. In fact, as declared above, the closing is a statute law, admitting the aloft is alone a principle, at best a accepted law.

It is not accessible actuality to appraise the constitutions of all the anxious states area an ability movement of this blazon has been an issue. But it is a actuality that the ability struggles of Bangladesh, Kosovo, and South Sudan could alone accomplish through aggressive struggle. De facto, then, it is additionally accessible for a bodies active in a acutely delineated arena or arena of any accompaniment to win its ability irrespective of the accessories of the architecture of the anxious country – through an uprising, aggressive victory, and/or abutment of able allies.

Factors complex in alienation Conflicts

Economic Interest

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Catalan secessionists acquire two problems with actual a allotment of Spain. They say they are not Spaniards, but Catalans. They say they are a nation, they acquire their own language with a developed literature. So why can’t a nation acquire a state, the best accustomed affair in the world? That may arise to be their capital altercation for secession, but they acquire addition able acumen for acquisitive independence, namely bread-and-butter interest, and they say that openly. Catalonia is the best affluent arena in Spain. It produces 20 percent of Spain’s GDP and raises 20 percent of the state’s revenue, but gets aback from the centre abundant beneath than that, which they acquisition to be unfair.

Similar is the altercation of Lombardy and Veneto (Venetia) for ambitious added autonomy, decidedly over the acquirement aloft in their own province. These two arctic ambit are economically the best developed in Italy. In a action agnate to that in Catalonia, they acquire to de facto angel the almost arrested South. Lombardy claims it has to accord abroad 45 percent of its tax acquirement to the South. They do not say they are a abstracted nation, nor are they now appetite for independence. They all allege Italian, yet they acquire their own bounded party, the Lega Nord, the capital point of the affairs of which was at the alpha independence.

Let me lay accent on   this factor, the bread-and-butter affidavit for secession, with a cogent archetype from the contempo past. 26 years ago, Slovenia and Croatia, afresh basic republics of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, capital to breach abroad from Yugoslavia and become absolutely independent. In the process, they let apart a adverse war that bankrupt up Yugoslavia. In those days, accustomed readers/viewers of accepted media acclimated to anticipate of this war as an indigenous war in which the Croats and Slovenes (later additionally the Kosovans) fought adjoin the Serbs who bedeviled over all the added indigenous groups in Yugoslavia. But a access quoted beneath from a book accounting by an able on the Balkan arena shows that it was mainly for bread-and-butter affidavit that the Croats and Slovenes capital to breach abroad from Yugoslavia. Misha Glenny, the author, summarizes his account (in 1992) with Mate Babic, a assistant of economics at the University of Zagreb and a aloft agent prime abbot amenable for the abridgement in the Croatian government, as follows:

“Yugoslavia … was complete in the deathwatch of the Abundant War [WWII] as a political acute afterwards attention to the region’s bread-and-butter requirements. In the post-war antipathetic federation, the alterity amid Slovene composure and the developing apple altitude in Kosovo, southern Serbia and Macedonia could alone be rectified by massive accompaniment ascendancy of the economy. This created acerbity in the affluent north, the fruits of whose abundance were transferred to the arenaceous climates of the south area they addle in the sun. Aloft all, a close apprehension grew up amid Slovenia and Croatia [on the one side], area a added active assignment belief was the tradition, and Serbia [on the other], the abuttals of the Ottoman empire’s base bread-and-butter values. Actuality accordingly complex with the Serbian economy, which appears to be fueled by lotus leaves, had a damaging abiding aftereffect on the Croat and Slovene economies. Aback the political adulteration in Yugoslavia accelerated, afterward the multi-party elections in the [constituent] republics, the bread-and-butter tensions ensured that this apprehension would deepen.”3

    However, there are additionally cases in which bread-and-butter absorption led bodies to decide against independence. The best accepted contempo case is of advance that of the Scottish ability election (2014). A majority of the voters (55% ) alone the ability drive of the SNP. A nationalist Scot said in bewilderment: “I cannot acquire that the majority of a bodies refuses to be independent.” He had underestimated the ability of the agency bread-and-butter interest

I can accord two added little accepted examples. In the Indian Ocean, anchored arctic of Madagascar, there is a accumulation of islands alleged the Comoro Archipelago. They had been for continued colonies of France. In 1974, France asked the bodies whether they admired to acquire independence. In the election captivated on this question, three of the bigger four islands absitively to be independent. But 63 percent of the citizenry of Mayotte voted against. In addition election two years later, 99 percent of the bodies afresh their accommodation to abandon ability and absorb their cachet as a French colony. Today, Mayotte is a absolutely chip allotment of France, its association are French citizens.

One may ask: how is it accessible that a citizenry of 213 000, the all-inclusive majority of which are Muslims and of African agent debris to become absolute and alive with their ethnically and religiously agnate neighbors in one state? Actuality too, the acknowledgment is: bread-and-butter interest. Although Mayotte is the atomic of all the departments of France, it is still, acknowledgment to its actuality a allotment of France and the EU, much added affluent than the added countries of the Mozambique Channel, so abundant so that it is a aloft destination of actionable migrants. Abounding appear with women in avant-garde date of pregnancy, who appetite to bear their babies here, so that the closing (the babies) automatically get French citizenship. Compared to Mayotte’s about prosperity, the Abutment of the Comoros, consisting of the added three bigger islands and some abate ones, is one of the alleged atomic developed countries (LDC), added than 20 percent of whose citizenry of alive age are unemployed.

Another such archetype is the island of Guadeloupe in the Caribbean Sea, additionally a aloft French Colony, and aback 1946 a allotment of the French state. Actuality too there is an ability movement. But the majority does not appetite to be independent.

Unforgettable Historical Memories We may alarm them whatever we like – indigenous group, nation, sub-nation, allegiance – the anxious afflicted bodies that are today appetite for ability and their own state, acquire some acclaimed historical memories of subjugation, oppression, exploitation, aggressive defeat, betrayal or burst promises perpetrated adjoin them by some aloft power. That is mostly abundant to accord acceleration to abiding rebellions aiming at independence.

The attempt of the Kurdish bodies for ability and a accompaniment of their own is a cogent archetype of this factor. Until exportable quantities of oil were begin in the Iraqi Kurdish region, bread-and-butter absorption did not comedy any role in the conflict. On the contrary. Active as they do in a land-locked territory, they acquire abounding acceptable bread-and-butter affidavit to advance acceptable relations with their neighbors. Yet they are angry and dying for independence. Why?

 Let us booty a brief glance at Kurdish history in chase of an answer. Rulers of the states in which the Kurdish majority areas lie, about abhorred application the term Kurd, or alike banned its use. For long, alike the actuality of this bodies with an appearance was denied. The official Turkish church for them was hill Turks (Bergtürken in German).

After the abrasion of the Ottoman Empire at the end of the Aboriginal Apple War, the arrive admiral had accepted the Kurds the appropriate to abandon (1920). During the Turkish attrition adjoin the activity admiral and accumulation of the new Turkish state, Kemal Atatürk had promised to body a state of both people (Turks and Kurds) and so accustomed the abutment of Kurdish chiefs and sheikhs. But then, afterwards victory, he banned to account the affiance of abandon accustomed to the Kurdish bodies by the arrive powers. Nor was there any catechism of a accompaniment of both peoples. Instead, he congenital up a centralist, unitary, civic accompaniment of Turkey on the arrangement of the French accompaniment – afterward the adage “one state, one nation, one language, one identity”. The assorted nationalities and minorities were alleged aloft to become one nation in a melting pot. But the Kurds did not acquire the idea. Aback then, they acquire attempted several rebellions, in 1925, 1930, and 1938. But every time, the abundant stronger Turkish army could abolish them. The contempo history of blackmailer accomplishments led by PKK is able-bodied known. Agnate has been the case in Iraq and Syria.

The Catalans too cannot balloon and absolve their grievances adjoin Spain. Their desire for ability is not based alone on banking injustice. They additionally altercate that they are not Spaniards, that they acquire been a nation through several centuries of history and acquire been afflicted and exploited by their adjoining nations: first, asthe belt of Catalonia under the acme of Aragon and later, aback the aboriginal 18thcentury, as a conquered territory of the commonwealth of Spain that came into actuality through the forced unification of the acme of Aragon with the acme of Castile. The Spanish acme abolished all non-Castilian institutions, and Catalan, forth with all otherlanguages, was replaced with Spanish in government and acknowledged matters. During the Second Spanish Republic (1931–1939), a archetypal Catalan institution, the Generalitat of Catalonia, an chargeless anatomy of government, was restored. After the Spanish Civilian War, the Franco absolutism allowable backbreaking measures abandoning Catalan institutions and banning afresh the official use of the Catalan language. To sum up, Catalonia was, of course, a allotment of Spain for over three centuries, but it never was unified with Castile or Spain in a peaceful action and of the Catalans’ own chargeless will.

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These are absolutely additionally examples of struggles of abate and weaker peoples to advance their ethnic/group appearance adjoin attempts to assimilate them into a bigger political article (nation, federal accompaniment or abutment of states).

Hurt Cultural identity

A accumulation appearance can additionally anatomy about a language. In that case it had bigger be alleged accent appearance categorized beneath cultural identity. In Turkey, for a continued time, the Kurdish accent was suppressed, could not be acclimated in government, and was not accustomed to be accomplished in schools. In 1945 alike their civic dress for men, the Sal Sapik, was prohibited. In 1967, the Turkish government already added banned the Kurdish accent and, forth with it, Kurdish music, abstruse and newspapers.

  The concept cultural identity should additionally accommodate appearance formed about a religion as it happened amid Muslims in the Indian subcontinent. We acquire apparent aloft that both the Kurds and the Catalans accuse that in the accomplished their cultural appearance was approved to be suppressed by the Turks and the Spaniards respectively. But they had no affliction in attention to their religion. The best example, however, of secessionism absolutely on the base of language-identity is the accumulation of Bangladesh.

The bodies of what is today alleged Bangladesh, the all-inclusive majority of whom were (still are) Muslim, had absitively to be a allotment of Pakistan aback India was disconnected into two states in 1947. This accommodation abandoned all attempt of bread-and-butter rationality. It was absolutely based on their Muslim identity, on the abstraction of all Muslims of the subcontinent actuality one nation, the Hindus actuality the other.

But anon they accomplished that they were actuality advised as a antecedents by the West Pakistanis. The annoyance came to the ahead when, in 1948, the axial government – with its bench in Karachi in the western allotment of the country – dictated that Urdu was to be the sole civic accent of the state. The Diktat sparked off all-encompassing protests and demonstrations amid the Bengali-speaking East Pakistanis, who accepted that Bengali be accustomed as an official accent of the country. They additionally begin thatethnic and linguistic bigotry was accepted in Pakistan’s civilian and aggressive services, in which Bengalis were under-represented. The accompaniment additionally banned Bengali abstruse and music in accompaniment media including the works of Nobel laureate Rabindranath Tagore, who was a Hindu Bengali, whose works nonetheless were apprehend and articulate with abundant account by accomplished Bengali Muslims.

Against the accomplishments of these resentments, protests and demands there arose alanguage movement (Bhasa Andolon), in the advance of which some acceptance were dead by the badge (1952), who aback afresh acquire been admired as martyrs for their language. This movement adumbrated a decisive identity shift in the country: From actuality primarily East-Pakistani Muslims in the 1940s, the bodies became, afterwards the acknowledged liberation war of 1971, Bengali speaking citizens of a anew founded civil state.

Also in Belgium, the aloft affair in the battle between Flanders and Wallonia is accent appearance – the Flemish bodies (of Flanders) allege Dutch and the Walloon bodies are Francophone. However, the added two factors additionally comedy a role in it. As in Catalonia, for a continued time in the past, French was the ascendant language, and the former’s language, Dutch, was suppressed. And today, as against to the bearings in the past, Flanders is the added affluent arena of Belgium. Abounding compromises had to be begin to accumulate the two regions together. But a Flemish separatism is still there. In fact, all parties of Belgium are breach into two abstracted parties.Conclusions

The Absoluteness of the Apple Situation

Let me accomplish a few credibility in cessation – in the faculty of an eco-socia.list’s booty of the contempo trend against and accepted contest of secessionism.

(1) We cannot ignore feelings of people. They are there. But we should not additionally ignore the reality. There is no agnosticism that about half, conceivably alike a slight majority, of the Catalans appetite independence, that because of bad memories from accomplished history, this bisected does not appetite to be absolute by the Spaniards any longer, they may even hateSpaniards in general. But they acquire no altercation to ceding allotment of their ascendancy to the EU. Isn’t it a contradiction (if you leave abreast the actuality of hatred)? The aforementioned can be said of the admiration of a ample allotment of the Scots to see Scotland breach abroad from the UK but abide a affiliate of the EU. Of somewhat agnate appearance is the admiration of a majority of English bodies to be politically more absolute (through Brexit) and at the aforementioned time adore the economic advantages of actuality a affiliate of the EU. Absoluteness is, Globalization has today become such a able bread-and-butter agency that no bodies can any best advance the accomplished general standard of living without accedence to it, admitting at the amount of accident a ample allotment of its bread-and-butter freedom.    

(2) The altercation of the axial governments of Spain and Iraq that their constitutionsdo not acquiesce ability of regions is nonsensical. Constitutions and laws are fabricated by bodies and they can be changed. The accompaniment of Iraq itself was artificially created by two imperialist powers. If constitutions were sacrosanct, accounting bottomward for all approaching time, no bodies could anytime acquire become independent, no baffled or afflicted bodies would anytime be able to advance out their oppressors.

Today, the all-important catechism for us is whether it is not alone accurately and morally, but also politically good, hence justifiable, that Catalans and Iraqi Kurds unilaterally acknowledge independence. One may say the moral catechism has been absolutely answered by the UN assumption of appropriate of peoples to self-determination. I do not anticipate that is right. Today, there is hardly any country, any arena in the apple that is not inhabited by a mix of peoples – a aftereffect of accomplished history. To aback accomplish abounding of them foreigners in a country area they acquire taken roots (e.g. Spaniards in Catalonia, Turkmens in Kurdistan), is not a acceptable decision, neither about nor politically. Politically, it would be a bad decision, if it were absolutely to acquire bad repercussions in the region. I can able-bodied acquire why abounding Spaniards, including those who acknowledge themselves to be both Catalans and Spaniards, abhorrence the Catalan secessionists. Firstly, it is not a continued time ago that the Basque secessionists approved to accomplish their ambition of ability by agitated agency (bombings and killings and all that). And secondly, it would actualize austere bread-and-butter problems aback Spain hasn’t yet absolutely recovered from the abundant crisis of 2008.

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(3) It would be a valid moral argument for secessionist efforts if one could say that, in the present set-up, the boyhood bodies active in a arena of the anxious country are actuality afflicted or discriminated against as a people. But area was abuse and bigotry in Catalonia afore October 1, 2017, aback the Guardia Civilian acclimated abandon to anticipate the election happening? Area was abuse and bigotry in Scotland and in the Kurdish chargeless arena of Iraq? The alone accurate altercation that remained for these three cases was an immoral one: The Catalans did not like to allotment their abundance with the poorer regions of Spain, and the Scots and the Iraqi Kurds did not appetite to allotment their oil wealth.

(4) I acquire abundant compassionate for the affecting affection of bodies to their built-in country (in German, Heimat) and their built-in language. I can acquire that today, some three decades afterwards the alpha of the era of globalization, in some countries of Europe and in the USA abounding amid the built-in bodies abhorrence they are accident their country, abhorrence they will anon become a boyhood in their own country – for instance, in England (Brexit supporters), Netherlands (supports of Geert Wilders’ party), Germany (supporters of the AFD party), France (supporters of FN), and in the US (Trump supporters). The Serbs feel they acquire already lost their province Kosovo to the Albanians. Animal attributes hasn’t afflicted yet. We and the others, that is still how best bodies think.

What is to be done in attention to these trends?

I cannot acquisition secessionism good, nor alike OK, unless a bodies is absolutely actuality afflicted and/or abominably exploited as a whole, as beneath an imperialist/colonial aphorism or by addition bodies active in the aforementioned state. The actuality of an abstruse and cryptic assumption in the UN allotment should not be admired as acceptable arena for starting a secessionist movement. Contempo history as able-bodied as the accepted apple bearings shows that any such movement, if it gathers momentum, may account astronomic accident to the peoples anxious and, in general, to the world. In the Bangladesh liberation war, according to Bangladeshi estimates, some three actor bodies were killed, and a few actor had to seek ambush in India. Some added examples are the attempt of the ETA to chargeless Basque Country from Spain, the attempt of the Kashmiri Muslims and that of the Punjabi Sikhs (in the 1980s) to aftereffect alienation of their corresponding ambit from India, the liberation war of the Tamils of Sri Lanka. All these efforts, except that of the Bangladeshis, failed, causing huge accident of activity and added associated sufferings. Today, afterwards a acknowledged war it is about impossible, at atomic awfully difficult for a arena to abdicate from a accompaniment that has become established. No cardinal baby-kisser would accede to breach up a accompaniment that she was adopted to govern, nor would politicians of added states like to bedrock the boat. The two cases of tolerance, Scotland and Czechoslovakia, are exceptions and would apparently abide exceptions until and unless animal acculturation starts collapsing. We are today accepting a ahead of this closing book in Somalia, area a separate, but internationally anonymous accompaniment has appear up, namely Somaliland.

Today, we are adversity from so abounding abundant crises and problems that actively charge to be addressed by the accomplished altruism – anatomy crises, altitude crisis, accounts crisis, all-around actionable migration, all-embracing poverty, huge inequality, crisis of wars etc. So no new baby crises and problems should be created in the name of abandon of people, atomic of all because of prosperity-separatism. True, all individuals and all peoples adulation independence, but all additionally charge cooperation and advice from the others. Today, secessionist movements are alone distractions from the capital tasks. In regions like Catalonia, Kashmir etc. appropriate to abandon should booty a aback bench abaft realizing all animal rights for all and peaceful coexistence of peoples in multi-ethnic, multi-lingual states. The closing ambition can be accomplished through federal constitutions that agreement boyhood rights. An archetype thereof is India, a federal republic, which is the home of 1.3 billion bodies with 22 official languages. Alike the PKK was already accessible to accomplish accord on the base of bounded abandon aural Turkey. Maybe new accompaniment names can be alien to alter ambiguous ones, e.g. United Republic of Anatolia in abode of Turkey, United Commonwealth of Iberian peoples in abode of Spain.

So far as accent appearance is concerned, there is no charge to action for it any more. No bodies in the apple is nowadays actuality punished for speaking and autograph its own language, not alike the Kurds in Turkey. And English as lingua franca of the apple is more affairs bottomward all the accent barriers amid peoples. Booty afresh India as an example.

Saral Sarkar was built-in in 1936 in West Bengal, India. Afterwards admission from the University of Calcutta, he advised German accent and abstruse for 5 years in India and Germany. From 1966 to 1981, Sarkar accomplished German at the Max Mueller Bhavan (Goethe Institute), Hyderabad, India. Sarkar is active in Germany aback 1982. He is the columnist of 5 political books(see account in Wikipedia/German) that acquire appeared in English, German, Chinese, Japanese and (in internet for chargeless downloading) French and Spanish. Sarkar has additionally appear abounding accessories and essays in several journals in India, USA, Germany, UK, Holland, China, Spain. He additionally writes consistently in two blogs of his own (see Wikipedia/German).

References

1.Sarkar, Saral (2014) Unity or Separation? – Did the Scots Decide Sensibly?http://eco-socialist.blogspot.de/search?q=Scots2. See for example:“This map shows the European regions angry to accomplish independence.”Jun. 17, 2017, in RT(online).http://www.businessinsider.com/map-of-european-independence-movements-2017-6?IR=T and

“Spain, Italy, Belgium: Battle curve fatigued for ability afterwards Scottish vote.”Published time: September 19, 2014, in RT News (online).https://www.rt.com/news/188752-scottish-no-independence-movements/

3. Glenny, Misha (1996) The Fall of Yugoslavia. London: Penguin.

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